Altitudinal and physiographic heterogeneity affect temperature and rainfall patterns.

Current trend
TEMPERATURE: Annual minimum temperature varies from -4℃to19℃, and maximum temperature ranges from 4℃ to 30℃. Temperatures in Nepal increased at the rate of 0.056℃ per year from 1971 to 2014.

PRECIPITATION: Average annual rainfall is around 1,600 mm, but it varies considerably according to regions. It ranges from 295 mm to 3,345 mm. Precipitation decreased in all seasons from 1971 to 2014. Precipitation extremes are increasing.

Future projection
TEMPERATURE: Nepal's climate will warm further, with increases in temperature projected for all seasons. Future climate change scenarios for the med-term (2016-2045), long-term (2036-2065), and end of century with respect to the reference period (1981-2010) suggested that the climate in Nepal will be significantly warmer and in the future.

PRECIPITATION: Future climate change scenarios for the med-term (2016-2045), long-term (2036-2065), and end of century with respect to the reference period (1981-2010) suggested that the climate in Nepal will be significantly wetter and in the future, but for a decrease in precipitation during the pre-monsoon season.

CLIMATE HAZARDS: It is estimated that extreme climate events are likely to be more frequent and severe in the future. There are risks of natural hazards such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, landslides, extreme temperature, and GLOFs. Especially water-related hazards are relevant in Nepal. Forest fires are another common hazard. These hazards are expected to increase in frequency as temperatures rise.

Current trend
TEMPERATURE:
Figure 4: Trend of average annual temperature (2000-2016) and annual rainfall (2000-2017)
Data source: DHM. 2001, 2018 and CBS. 2019, Environmental Statistics of Nepal

PRECIPITATION:
Figure 5: Projected Average Annual Mean Temperature and Annual Rainfall
Data source: Climate change scenarios data of Nepal. Reference data 1981-2010, (ICIMOD)

CLIMATE HAZARDS:
Figure 6: Total forest fire events at municipal level observed between 2012 and 2020
Data source: VIIRS 375 m MODIS data from 2012-2020

Figure 7: Total number of events and human death caused by climate hazards between 2011 and 2021
Data source: Government of Nepal https://bipad.gov.np

Future projection
TEMPERATURE:
Table 1: Projected range of mean change in temperature (℃) compared to the reference period 1981-2010 in the five physiographic regions of Nepal
Data source: MoFE 2019

PRECIPITATION:
Table 2: Projected range of mean change in precipitation (%) for different seasons compared to the reference period 1981-2010
Data source: MoFe 2019

CLIMATE HAZARDS:
Table 3: Summary of climate hazards and the key factors of vulnerability in Nepal
Data source: Patra & Terton 2017; World Bank Group & Asian ADB 2021; Karki et al. 2017; GoN 2021, 2020b; MoFE 2021

In Federal level: promotes actions to mainstream adaptation in the policies.
The main institutions involved are Environmental Protection and Climate Change Management National Council (EPCCMNC), Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee (IMCCCC), Thematic and Cross-cutting Working Groups (T/CWGs), and Ministry of Forest and Environment.

In Provincial and local level: promote actions to mainstream adaptation in the planning and budgeting processes.
The main institutions involved at the provincial level are Provincial Environmental Protection and Climate Change Management Council (PEPCCMC), Provincial Climate Change Coordination Committee (PCCCC), Provincial Policy and planning Commission, and the ministry related to forests, environment and climate change. Institutions involved at the local level are the District Climate Change Coordination Committee and the Local-level Executive Board.

• Agriculture and food security (9 programmes / USD11.2B)
• Forests, Biodiversity and watershed conservation (11 programmes / USD8.7B)
• Water resources and energy (8 programmes / USD5.35B)
• Rural and urban settlements (3 programmes / USD2.85B)
• Industry, transport and physical infrastructure (5 programmes / USD3.05B)
• Tourism, natural and cultural heritage (8 programmes / USD1.13B)
• Health, drinking water and sanitation (7 programmes / USD4.75B)
• Disaster risk reduction and management (6 programmes / USD8.5B)
• Gender equality and social inclusion livelihoods and governance (4 programmes / USD0.7B)

Floods, landslides, epidemics, and fires are the most devastating climate-induced disasters in Nepal in regard to deaths, affected population, and economic losses (MoFE, 2021).
Six priority adaptation programmes in the DRRM sector will help to empower provincial and local governments to assume effective and efficient roles in leading DRRM activities in their respective localities. Those programmes will improve and strengthen early warning systems and multi-hazards monitoring, and integrate adaptation considerations into social protection systems.

The following essence of EbA/NbS are observed:

• The methodology of the NAP development promoted eco-friendly and nature-based solutions that align with sustainable development objectives and programmes.
• “Ecosystem integrity to maintain naturally biodiverse, healthy, and resilient ecosystems.” is included in one of the main principles of the NAP.
• “Forests, Biodiversity and watershed conservation” is one of the priority sectors.
  The programme of “Increase urban forests coverage and conserve ecosystem” is included under the health sector.

The Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) is responsible for reviewing and reporting on the implementation of the NAP. 
At the local level, the Forest, Environment and Disaster Management Section will be responsible for monitoring of adaptation activities. At provincial level, the Ministries of Environment and climate change is responsible for monitoring and reporting on all adaptation activities. At the federal level, MoFE and the technical working groups will be responsible for monitoring and reporting on adaptation activities.
CCDMMRC will be responsible for compiling the monitoring reports submitted by the provincial ministries and technical working groups at the national level.

The review of the NAP will mainly be based on measuring the impacts of the adaptation actions – showing how taking action on adaptation leads to development benefits that are linked to the government’s national priorities.

N/A

A review of the implementation of the NAP will take place every five years; and the NAP will be updated every 10 years.